![]() read more, fetal or neonatal distress or abnormality) or postpartum (eg, postpartum hemorrhage Postpartum Hemorrhage Postpartum hemorrhage is blood loss of > 1000 mL or blood loss accompanied by symptoms or signs of hypovolemia within 24 hours after childbirth. The rate of cesarean delivery was 32% in the United States in 2021 (see March of Dimes: Delivery Method). read more, need for emergency cesarean delivery Cesarean Delivery Cesarean delivery is surgical delivery by incision into the uterus. ![]() Diagnosis is by examination or ultrasonography. read more, shoulder dystocia Fetal Presentation, Position, and Lie (Including Breech Presentation) Abnormal fetal lie or presentation may occur due to fetal size, fetal anomalies, uterine structural abnormalities, multiple gestation, or other factors. Hospital delivery has the advantage of having clinical staff and equipment immediately available if unexpected maternal and fetal complications occur during labor and delivery (eg, placental abruption Placental Abruption (Abruptio Placentae) Placental abruption (abruptio placentae) is premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, usually after 20 weeks gestation. Patients may have options of delivering at a hospital, birthing center, or at home. read more, cesarean delivery Cesarean Delivery Cesarean delivery is surgical delivery by incision into the uterus. read more, forceps or vacuum extractor delivery Operative Vaginal Delivery Operative vaginal delivery involves application of forceps or a vacuum extractor to the fetal head to assist during the second stage of labor and facilitate delivery. Induction of labor can be Medically indicated (eg, for preeclampsia. read more requires additional measures (eg, induction or augmentation of labor Induction of Labor Induction of labor is stimulation of uterine contractions before the onset of spontaneous labor to achieve vaginal delivery. Arrested labor is a complete pause in progress of labor. Management of labor protraction or arrest Protracted or Arrested Labor Protracted labor is abnormally slow cervical dilation or fetal descent during the first or second stage of labor.
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